Poultry Farming Terminology – What’s in a Name?

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Whether you are new to poultry farming or you already have years of experience under your belt, you have probably at some point come across a poultry farming terminology that’s unfamiliar. Between the technical industry terms and the slang terms that have become common practice, there are a lot of poultry farming terms to wade through when getting to know your birds.

Many poultry farming terms are very similar and may only differentiate the subject in a small way. For instance, cock and cockerel sound similar but they are used very specifically in regards to chickens. A cock is an adult male chicken, while a cockerel is an immature male chicken. Then in some cases, the terms are the same across several species. The term hen refers to the adult female chicken, turkey, duck, and pigeon. So whether you just want to sound like a seasoned poultry farming enthusiast in conversation or you’re looking for a way to get the upper hand in the science and nature category for your next game of Trivial Pursuit, the following guide of the most common poultry farming terms should help. Plus you can test your knowledge after you’re done.

Chickens

Let’s start with chickens. In many conversations with the uninitiated, I have had to explain that the term chicken does not specifically refer to the female of this poultry species. In fact, chicken (Gallus domesticus) is defined as a domestic fowl descended from the jungle fowl of southeastern Asia and cultivated for its eggs, flesh and even feathers. It is also slang for a cowardly person, but through the years I have found most of my fowl to be anything but timid. So, if chicken denotes the broad category, let’s look at the specifics inside the category.

Cock – Also known as a rooster, is an adult male chicken.
Hen – An adult female chicken.
Cockerel – An immature male chicken, generally under one year of age.
Pullet – An immature female bird. The term is used more broadly to include several species of birds, but it is most commonly used to describe a young female chicken, generally under one year of age.
Chick – Also known as a peep, is a baby chicken.
Clutch – A group of baby chicks or eggs.
Brood – To care for those baby chicks or eggs, but it may also refer to a group of chicks.
Broody – A hen that is actively sitting on a clutch with the intent to hatch them.
Straight Run or unsexed chicks– This is how chicks are often purchased, it means that the sex of the bird is unknown.
Sexed chicks – Means that the sex of the chick has been determined with reasonable certainty, usually around 90% accuracy.
Capon – A castrated male chicken. Since the reproductive organs are internal, this requires surgery.
Broiler – The term for a chicken that is raised specifically for its meat. Raising meat chickens has become very common as more people want to provide quality food for their families.
Fryer – A young meat-type chicken.
Spent – A term for a hen that is no longer laying eggs.
Biddy – A slang term for a young laying hen.
Chook – An Australian term for a chicken. It is also a common term in England and increasingly common in the U.S. when referencing small flocks.
A group of chickens is simply known as a flock.

Turkeys

Moving on to poultry farming terminology for turkeys. Turkeys are a large North American bird (Meleagris gallopavo) widely domesticated for food, most familiarly for Thanksgiving dinner celebrations.

Tom – Also known as a gobbler, is an adult male turkey.
Hen – An adult female turkey.
Jake – A young male turkey.
Jenny – A young female turkey.
Poult – A baby turkey or pheasant.
A group of turkeys in the wild is simply known as a flock, but a group of domesticated turkeys is known as a rafter or a gang.

Peafowl

Peafowl is another term that gets misused a lot. I’ll even admit to using the term peacocks to describe my peafowl flock, but the reality is that the cock is the male and collectively they are known as peafowl. The terms for peafowl are easy to remember if you know the basic terms for chickens, you just add “Pea” to the beginning.

Peacock – An adult male peafowl.
Peahen – An adult female peafowl.
Peachick – A baby peafowl.
While there seem to be many different terms for groupings of peafowl, the most common are a muster, an ostentation or a pride.

Guinea Fowl

Guinea Fowl is a breed of poultry originally from Africa. They are commonly raised for meat, but their affinity for the troublesome arachnids known as ticks, makes them popular for pest control as well. They are effective natural sentinels because they are watchful and extremely territorial. They are also very social birds and flocks of 25 birds roosting communally is not uncommon. Guinea Fowl terms are also relatively similar to chicken terms.

Guinea Cock – An adult male guinea fowl.
Guinea Fowl Hen – An adult female guinea fowl.
Guinea Fowl Cockerel – A young male guinea fowl under one year of age.
Guinea Fowl Pullet – A young female guinea fowl under one year of age.
Keet – A baby guinea fowl.
A group of guinea fowl is called a rasp, a confusion or a mob, but flock is also a generally accepted term.

Ducks

Duck is the common name for a great number of both fresh and saltwater species in the family Anatidae. Included in the family Anatidae are also geese and swans, but ducks are normally smaller with shorter necks and legs.

Drake – An adult male duck.
Hen – An adult female duck.
Duckling – A baby duck.
A group of ducks can be known by many names, they can be called a badelynge, a bunch, a brace, a flock, a paddling, a raft, a team or a dover.

Geese

Geese are wild or domesticated water birds also of the family Anatidae. They generally have a shorter neck than a swan and a shorter, more pointed bill than a duck. Although they are classified as waterfowl, they spend the majority of their time on land.

Gander – An adult male goose.
Goose – An adult female goose.
Gosling – A baby goose.
A group of geese is called a gaggle when they are not in flight. When they are in flight, they are known as a skein or a wedge.

Swans

Swans are also from the family Anatidae. They are most famous for the fact that they mate for life.

Cob – An adult male swan.
Pen (no, that is not a typo) – An adult female swan.
Cygnet – A baby swan.
A group of swans in the wild is called a herd, while a group of swans in captivity it is called a fleet

Pigeons and Doves

Pigeons and doves comprise over 300 species. The terms dove and pigeon are often used interchangeably, although in general doves refer to the smaller species.

Cock – An adult male pigeon.
Hen – An adult female pigeon.
Squab – Also known as a squeaker, is a baby pigeon until it has fledged, which is around 30 days.
A group of pigeons is called a flock, flight or kit.

As a disclaimer, I would like to say that, in the essence of due diligence, I made every effort to make sure the terms in this article were correct. Whenever possible, I enlisted the help of people that are considered experts in their respective poultry farming fields. I have no doubt that there are terms that I may have neglected, but these are the most common poultry farming terms you might encounter. I assure you that I made an honest attempt to be thorough.

Do you have any other poultry farming terms that may be unusual or you’d like to see added to this list? Let us know in the comments below.